Research library
Inflammation and Immune Response Studies
Studies examining inflammatory markers and immune response following consumption of A1 vs A2 beta-casein milk.
6 studies
All studies →Effect of β-casein A2 cow milk supplementation on physical growth, inflammation, growth, and metabolism hormonal profiles in stunted children
This study suggests that β-casein A2 milk supplementation was associated with improvements in physical growth and related biomarkers in stunted children. Additionally, β-casein A2 milk may produce fewer BCM-7 metabolites compared to β-casein A1 milk, which has been hypothesized to be associated with certain adverse health outcomes. However, further controlled studies are needed to confirm its efficacy as a dietary intervention.
Effects of A1-type β-casein protein free bovine milk on mothers and infants: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
Compared with mothers who drank conventional cow's milk, full-term mothers who drank A1PF milk showed lower levels of gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory markers and improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and this effect may also be transmitted to full-term breastfed infants. This conclusion requires further research to confirm.
Effect of A1 protein-free formula versus conventional formula on acute respiratory infections and diarrhea in toddlers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Toddlers who consumed A1PF had a reduced duration of ARI and improved diarrhea outcomes, reducing the burden on their families compared with toddlers who consumed CON. Although this is consistent with other studies, further research is required to determine whether these effects are solely attributable to the A1PF milk base or other differences between the formulas.
The Effect of A2 Milk on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Comparison to A1/A2 Milk: A Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Cross-over Study
However, A2 milk caused less abdominal pain (P = 0.050), fecal urgency (P < 0.001) and borborygmus (P = 0.007) compared to A1/A2 milk in questionnaire for digestive symptoms. In addition, fecal calprotectin also decreased or less increased after consumption of A2 milk compared to A1/A2 milk (P = 0.030), and this change was more pronounced in males (P = 0.005) than in females. There were no significant adverse reactions during the trial. A2 milk alleviated digestive discomfort in Koreans following A2 milk consumption
Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of β-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial
The current human study demonstrates that consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein was associated with a greater increase in plasma glutathione concentrations compared with the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types, and did not increase plasma BCM-7 concentrations compared with the washout diet in the study participants. Thus, milk containing only A2 β-casein and not A1 β-casein has the potential to promote the production of the antioxidant glutathione in humans.
Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows' milk
Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein.